Forensic Microscope
Welcome to Forensic MicroscopeAn estimate of timber degrade in Sitka spruce due to bark stripping by deer in a Scottish plantation
An estimate of timber degrade in Sitka spruce due to bark stripping by deer in a Scottish plantation
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Trees monitored for bark stripping over the previous 20 years were examined for timber defects by felling, then observing stain and rot in the split butt logs and strength testing wood samples. Logs (52 bark stripped, 28 controls) came from eight sites that had tree crops 28–39 years old; the logs were stratified for wound size (< or >180 cm2), large wounds being rare. Many wounded logs had no stain or rot, but six of the 33 better-quality sawlogs were judged to be usable only for pulp. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were affected only at wounds and only in the sapwood there; at this position, mean stiffness and strength were both significantly reduced compared with control logs, with lowest means for logs with large wounds. Large wounds suffered a much greater incidence of stain and rot than small wounds, but their rarity meant that the calculated financial loss caused by the bark stripping estimated to be incurred over the whole rotation up to felling was only 3 per cent of the crop value.
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Ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates are reported in increasing numbers in many European hospitals. The clonal complex 17 (CC17) characterized by ampicillin resistance has been associated with nosocomial E. faecium outbreaks and infections in five continents. The aim was to investigate how prevalent ampicillin resistance is in clinical E. faecium isolates from Denmark and to investigate their clonal affiliation, especially to CC17. Microbiology data from 2002 through 2006 on E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis blood isolates was received from Departments of Clinical Microbiology in 11 Danish counties. From January 2004 through December 2004, we collected 275 clinical enterococci from four of these departments. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and PFGE were performed on the 84 ampicillin-resistant E. faecium isolates from this collection. A 68% increase in the number of infections caused by enterococci was observed from 2002 through 2006. The increase was mainly caused by E. faecium isolates, which tripled, whereas the number of E. faecalis isolates increased by only 23% during the same period. There was also a significant increase in the number of ampicillin-resistant E. faecium isolates. MLST showed that 98% of the tested ampicillin-resistant E. faecium isolates belonged to CC17. PFGE showed eight different clusters and we found indications of clonal spread within the hospitals. Ampicillin-resistant E. faecium isolates have increased in frequency in Denmark during 2002–2006. Most of the ampicillin-resistant E. faecium isolates belong to complex CC17. |
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By michael@nanowerk.com (Michael Berger) - Copyright 2005-2008 Nanowerk LLC - version: v1.5 build A