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The use of airborne laser scanning to estimate sawlog volumes




This study of estimation of the sawlog volume of clear-cut stands from airborne laser scanning data considers both theoretical and factual recoveries. Theoretical sawlog volume estimates for the trees were calculated with a taper curve and factual estimates were obtained by multiplying the result by a model-based sawlog reduction factor, to allow for defects. Dominant tree species-specific models for the estimation of sawlog volumes per hectare were constructed with laser-based canopy height metrics as independent variables. The models were tested with the use of independently collected test data that consisted of 14 harvester-measured forest stands. Test data included information on the tapering of the stems and the volumes of the actually harvested assortments. The results indicate that the direct laser models are capable of producing satisfactory estimates for both the theoretical and the factual sawlog volumes of a clear-cut stand, with root mean squared errors of 9.1 and 18.0 per cent in the test data, respectively. In conclusion, the method presented here is quite suitable for pre-harvest estimation of sawlog volume, even though in cases where unpredictable defects (e.g. decay as a result of disease) exist the sawlog recoveries may be significantly overestimated.




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Objectives

Fusidic acid interferes with the release of elongation factor G (EF-G) after the translocation step of protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to characterize the fusidic acid stimulon of a fusidic acid-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus (SH1000).

Methods

S. aureus microarrays and real-time PCR determined transcriptome alterations occurring in SH1000 grown with fusidic acid. The Staphylococcus aureus microarray meta-database (SAMMD) compared and contrasted the SH1000 fusidic stimulon with 89 other S. aureus transcriptional datasets. Fusidic acid gradient analyses with mutant-parent strain pairs were used to identify genes required for intrinsic fusidic acid susceptibility identified during transcriptional analysis.

Results

Many genes altered by fusidic acid challenge are associated with protein synthesis. SAMMD analysis determined that the fusidic acid stimulon has the greatest overlap with the S. aureus cold shock and stringent responses. Six out of nine peptidoglycan hydrolase genes making up the two component YycFG regulon were also up-regulated by fusidic acid, as were a carboxylesterase gene (est) and two putative drug efflux pump genes (emr-qac1 and macA). Genes down-regulated by fusidic acid induction encoded a putative secreted acid phosphatase and a number of protease genes. Roles for the agr operon, the peptidoglycan hydrolase gene isaA and two proteases (htrA1 and htrA2) in the expression of fusidic acid susceptibility were revealed.

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